Notes to the consolidated financial statements

NOTE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION/SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

GENERAL INFORMATION

ASM International N.V. (ASMI, or the Company) is a Dutch public liability company domiciled in the Netherlands with its principal operations in Europe, the United States of America, and Asia. The Company dedicates its resources to the research, development, manufacturing, marketing and servicing of equipment and materials used to produce mainly semiconductor devices. The Company is registered at Versterkerstraat 8, 1322 AP Almere, the Netherlands.

The Company's shares are listed for trading on the Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange (symbol ASM).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of ASM International N.V. and its consolidated subsidiaries (together referred to as ASMI, or the Company). ASMI's subsidiaries are listed in Note 2 and associates are listed in Note 6.

BASIS FOR ACCOUNTING

The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union and also comply with the financial reporting requirements included in Section 362(9) of Part 9, Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Management Board of the Company and authorized for issue on March 12, 2019 and will be submitted for adoption to the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (AGM) on May 20, 2019.

The consolidated financial statements will be filed at the Trade Register of the Chamber of Commerce in Almere, the Netherlands within eight days of adoption by the 2019 AGM.

This is the first set of the Company's consolidated financial statements in which IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments have been applied. Changes to significant accounting policies are described in section Changes in Accounting Policies.

FUNCTIONAL AND PRESENTATION CURRENCY

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro (EUR), which is the Company's functional currency. All amounts have been rounded to the nearest thousand, unless otherwise indicated.

BASIS OF PREPARATION

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, unless otherwise indicated. The Company applies the going concern basis in preparing its consolidated financial statements.

Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services.

A number of the Company’s accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique.

The Company has an established approach with respect to the measurement of fair values. If third-party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, the Company assesses and documents the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that such valuations meet the requirements of IFRS, including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which such valuations should be classified.

Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:

• Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
• Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices).
• Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement.

Further information about the assumptions made in measuring fair values is included in the following Notes:

• Note 13 - Employee benefits; and
• Note 17 - Financial instruments and financial risk management.

USE OF ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS

In preparing these consolidated financial statements, management has made judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively.

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the year ended December 31, 2018 is included in the following Notes:

• Notes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 - Valuation of non-financial assets; and
• Note 22 - Valuation of deferred tax assets.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that is both material to the presentation of ASMI’s consolidated financial statements and that requires management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on ASMI’s financial condition or results of operations. Specifically, these policies have the following attributes: (1) ASMI is required to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate; and (2) different estimates ASMI could reasonably have used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur, could have a material effect on ASMI’s financial condition or results of operations.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. ASMI bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be applicable and reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates may change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained, and as ASMI’s operating environment changes. These changes have historically been minor and have been included in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they became known. In addition, management is periodically faced with uncertainties, the outcomes of which are not within its control and will not be known for prolonged periods of time. Based on a critical assessment of its accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies, management believes that ASMI’s consolidated financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with IFRS, and provide a meaningful presentation of ASMI’s financial condition and results of operations. An analysis of specific sensitivity to changes of estimates and assumptions is included in the Notes to the (consolidated) financial statements.

Management believes that the following accounting policies are critical:

• revenue recognition;
• inventories;
• evaluation of long-lived assets for impairment;
• evaluation of investments in associates for impairment;
• intangible assets; and
• income taxes.

CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Application of new and revised International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

New and amended IFRS Standards that are effective for the current year

The Company has initially applied IFRS 15 from January 1, 2018. A number of other new standards (including IFRS 9) are also effective from January 1, 2018 but they do not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Due to the transition method chosen by the Company in applying new standards, comparative information throughout these financial statements has not been restated to reflect the requirements of the new standards.

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 establishes a comprehensive framework for determining whether, how much and when revenue is recognized. It replaces IAS 18 Revenue, IAS 11 Construction Contracts and related interpretations. Under IFRS 15, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the goods and/or services. Determining the timing of the transfer of control, at a point in time or over time, requires judgment.

The Company has adopted IFRS 15 using the modified retrospective approach, with the effect of initially applying this standard recognized at the date of initial application (opening balance January 1, 2018). Accordingly, the information presented for 2017 has not been restated, it has been presented (as previously reported) under IAS 18, IAS 11 and related interpretations. Additionally, the disclosure requirements in IFRS 15 have not generally been applied to comparative information.

IFRS 15 uses the terms 'contract asset' and 'contract liability' to describe that might more commonly be known as 'accrued revenue' and 'deferred revenue', however the standard does not prohibit an entity from using alternative descriptions in the statement of financial position. The Company has adopted the terminology 'accrued revenue' and 'deferred revenue' to describe such balances.

The following table summarizes the impact, net of tax, of transitioning to IFRS 15 on retained earnings at January 1, 2018.

(EUR thousand)		Impact of adopting IFRS 15 as at January 1, 2018
Retained earnings
Timing of revenue		15,966
Related tax		26
Impact at January 1, 2018		15,992

Impact of implementing IFRS 15 as at December 31, 2018

Under IAS 18 the decision whether to recognize revenue was, in addition to shipment and factory acceptance, based on the contractual agreement with customer. When conditions needed to be met, the Company could have decided to defer revenue recognition until completion of installation at the customer's site and obtaining final acceptance from the customer. Under IFRS 15, revenue for equipment is recognized at a point in time, when the control passes, upon shipment.

We changed from allocating the transaction price of a contract to the elements of the contract using the relative selling price of these elements in accordance with IAS 18 to allocating the transfer price of a contract based on stand-alone selling prices determined using the adjusted market assessment approach in accordance with IFRS 15. As a result, the customer discounts and credits, within volume purchase agreements, are considered as a reduction of the transaction price. Consequently, these customer discounts and credits are allocated to the performance obligations based on the stand-alone selling price, under IAS 18 we used the relative selling price to allocate these elements.

Under IAS 18 installation revenue was recognized upon completion of installation at the customer site. At point of shipment, the portion of the sales price related to the installation was deferred.

Under IFRS 15 it has been determined, in accordance with IFRS 15.35, that the customer simultaneously consumes and receives the benefits provided by the performance of the installation. As such, transfer of control takes place over the period of installation from delivery through customer acceptance, measured on a straight-line basis, as our performance is satisfied evenly over this period of time.

Under IAS 18 royalty revenue was recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement. Under IFRS 15 fixed priced royalty revenue is recognized at a point in time, with a point in time being the transfer of control.

The Company's accounting policies for its revenue streams are disclosed in detail in section accounting policies below. Apart from providing more extensive disclosures for the revenue transaction, the application of IFRS 15 has not had a significant impact on the financial position and/or financial performance of the Company. The impact on retained earnings, financial position line items and statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) is shown in the tables below.

The following table summarizes the impact of adopting IFRS 15 on the Company's statement of financial position as at December 31, 2018 and its statement of profit or loss and OCI for the year then ended for each of the line items affected. There was no material impact on the Company's statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Impact on consolidated statement of financial position

		December 31, 2018
(EUR thousand)		As reported		Impact		Amounts without adoption of IFRS 15
Assets
Inventories		171,826		15,226		187,052
Trade and other receivables		218,451		(24,579)		193,872
Others		1,457,695		(15,225)		1,442,470
Total Assets		1,847,972		(24,578)		1,823,394
Retained earnings		1,800,808		(10,536)		1,790,272
Opening balance		15,992		(15,992)		–
Others		(175,249)		(472)		(175,721)
Total equity		1,641,551		(27,000)		1,614,551
Liabilities
Trade and other payables		151,378		(837)		150,541
Deferred revenue		28,255		7,639		35,894
Others		26,788		(4,380)		22,408
Total liabilities		206,421		2,422		208,843
Total equity and liabilities		1,847,972		(24,578)		1,823,394

Impact on the consolidated statement of profit or loss and OCI

		December 31, 2018
(EUR thousand)		As reported		Impact		Amounts without adoption of IFRS 15
Continuing operations
Revenue		818,081		(25,976)		792,105
Cost of sales		(483,784)		11,760		(472,024)
Income tax expense		(15,436)		4,318		(11,118)
Others		(161,728)		(638)		(162,366)
Profit for the period		157,133		(10,536)		146,597
Total comprehensive income		202,986		(10,536)		192,450

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments

IFRS 9 sets out requirements for recognizing and measuring financial assets, financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. This standard replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.

IFRS 9 largely retains the existing requirements in IAS 39 for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities. However, it eliminates the previous IAS 39 categories for financial assets of held to maturity, loans and receivables and available for sale. The adoption of IFRS 9 has not had a significant effect on the Company`s accounting policies related to financial assets, financial liabilities and derivative financial instruments.

IFRS 9 replaces the ‘incurred loss’ model in IAS 39 with an ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model. The new impairment model applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost and contract assets. Under IFRS 9, credit losses are recognized earlier than under IAS 39. We have applied the expected credit loss model and we did not identify additional loss as a result of the adoption.

Management has assessed the impact of the implementation of IFRS 9 on the consolidated financial statements and has concluded the effect not to be material.

New and revised IFRS in issue but not yet effective

The Company has not applied the following new and revised IFRS that have been issued but are not yet effective:

• IFRS 16 Leases;
• IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts;
• Amendments to IFRS 9;
• Amendments to IAS 28;
• Annual improvements to IFRS Standards 2015-2017 Cycle;
• Amendments to IAS 19 Emloyee benefits;
• Amendments to References to Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards; and
• IFRIC 23 uncertainty over Income tax treatment.

Management does not expect that the adoption of the Standards listed above will have a material impact on the financial statements of the group in future periods, except as noted below.

IFRS 16 Leases

The Company is required to adopt IFRS 16 Leases as of January 1, 2019. The Company has assessed the estimated impact that initial application of IFRS 16 will have on its consolidated financial statements, as described below. The actual impacts of adopting the standard on January 1, 2019 may change because:

• the Company has not finalized the testing and assessment of controls over its new IT systems;
• the actual impact can change because the tax effect implications of recognizing the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are still being calculated by management; and
• the new accounting policies are subject to change until the Company presents its first financial statements that include the date of initial application.

General impact of application of IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 introduces a single, on-balance sheet lease accounting model for lessees. A lessee recognizes a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments. Lessor accounting remains similar to the current accounting but is not applicable to the Company.

Transition

The Company will apply IFRS 16 initially on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. Therefore, the cumulative effect of adopting IFRS 16 will be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at January 1, 2019, with no restatement of comparative information.

The Company plans to apply the practical expedient to grandfather the definition of a lease on transition. This means that it will apply IFRS 16 to all contracts entered into before January 1, 2019 and identified as leases in accordance with IAS 17 and IFRIC 4.

Impact on Lessee Accounting

IFRS 16 will change how the Company accounts for leases previously classified as operating leases under IAS 17, which were off-balance sheet. The Company has leases related to land, buildings, houses, cars, etc.

Under IFRS 16, for all leases (except as noted below), the Company will:

• Recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position, initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments; and
• Recognize depreciation of right-of-use assets and interest on lease liabilities in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.
• Reclassify cash flows related to lease payments. The repayment of the liability and the interest component will be presented as “cash flows from financing activities” in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Right-of-use assets will be tested for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.

For short-term leases (lease term of 12 months or less) and leases of low-value assets (up to the amount of €5 thousand asset value, such as water purifiers and air cleaners), the Company will opt to recognize a lease expense on a straight-line basis as permitted by IFRS 16.

Based on the information currently available, the Company estimates that it will recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of €26 million as at January 1, 2019.

ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The Company has consistently applied the following accounting policies to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ASMI and all of its subsidiaries where ASMI holds a controlling interest. Non-controlling interest is disclosed separately, where appropriate, in the consolidated financial statements.

Control is achieved when ASMI has:

• the power over an investee;
• exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and
• the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor's returns.

ASMI reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

As from the date these criteria are met, financial data of the relevant subsidiary are included in the consolidation and deconsolidated from the date on which ASMI's control ceases.

Loss of control

Upon loss of control, ASMI derecognizes the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary. Any surplus or deficit arising on the loss of control is recognized in profit or loss. If ASMI retains any interest in this subsidiary, then such interest is measured at fair value at the date on which control is lost. Subsequently, it is accounted for as an equity-accounted investee or as an available-for-sale financial asset, depending on the level of influence retained.

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The financial statements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control commences until the date on which control ceases.

Interests in equity-accounted investees

The Company’s interests in equity-accounted investees comprise investments in associates.

Associates are those entities in which the Company has significant influence, but not control or joint control, over the financial and operating policies.

Interests in associates are accounted for using the equity method. They are initially recognized at cost, which includes transaction costs. Upon acquisition of the investment in an associate, any excess of the cost of the investment over the Company’s share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of the investee is recognized as goodwill, which is included in the carrying amount of the investment.

Subsequent to initial recognition, the consolidated financial statements include the Company's share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) of equity-accounted investees, until the date on which significant influence ceases.

Transactions eliminated on consolidation

Intra-group balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated. Unrealized gains arising from transactions with equity-accounted investees are eliminated against the investment to the extent of the Company’s interest in the investee. Unrealized losses are eliminated in the same way as unrealized gains, but only to the extent that there is no evidence of impairment.

Foreign currency translation

The individual financial statements of each group entity are presented in their local functional currency. For the purpose of the consolidated financial statements, the results and financial position of each entity is expressed in euros, which is ASMI's functional currency and the presentation currency for the consolidated financial statements.

Foreign currency transactions

In preparing the financial statements of the individual entities, transactions in foreign currencies are recorded at the exchange rates on the date of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing on the date when the fair value was determined.

Exchange rate differences arising on the settlement of monetary items, and on the translation of monetary items, are recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss in the period in which they arise. Exchange rate differences arising on the translation of non-monetary items carried at fair value are recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss for the period except for differences arising on the translation of non-monetary items in respect of which gains and losses are recognized directly in equity.

Foreign operations

For the purpose of presenting consolidated financial statements, assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into euro at the exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated into euro at the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions.

Foreign currency differences are recognized in OCI and accumulated in the translation reserve, except to the extent that the translation difference is allocated to non-controlling interest.

When a foreign operation is disposed of in its entirety or partially such that control or significant influence is lost, the cumulative amount in the translation reserve related to that foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss as part of the gain or loss on disposal. If the Company disposes of part of its interest in a subsidiary but retains control, then the relevant proportion of the cumulative amount is reattributed to non-controlling interest. When the Company disposes of only part of an associate while retaining significant influence, the relevant proportion of the cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss.

Segment reporting

The Back-end segment is still reported as a separate segment after the Company ceased control on March 15, 2013, since the full results of the Back-end segment are continued to be reviewed by our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM).

The Company organizes its activities in two operating segments, Front-end and Back-end. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), which is the CODM. Operating segments are in line with the reporting segments.

Accordingly, the asset and profit or loss information regarding the operations that comprise the segment are disclosed. The full financial results are reviewed by the CODM, the external reporting of the segment is on an equity method investment basis. The total of all segments' financial amounts are reconciled to the corresponding amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements, eliminations are reflected in the reconciling column for amounts reported in excess of those amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

The Front-end segment manufactures and sells equipment used in wafer processing, encompassing the fabrication steps in which silicon wafers are layered with semiconductor devices. The segment is a product driven organizational unit comprised of manufacturing, service, and sales operations in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia.

The Back-end segment manufactures and sells equipment and materials used in assembly and packaging, encompassing the processes in which silicon wafers are separated into individual circuits and subsequently assembled, packaged and tested. The segment is organized in ASM Pacific Technology Ltd, in which the Company holds a 25.33% interest, whilst the remaining shares are listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong.

Property, plant and equipment

Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, which includes capitalized borrowing costs, less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

If significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, then they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment.

Depreciation is calculated to write off the cost of items of property, plant and equipment less their estimated residual values using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and is generally recognized in profit or loss. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment for current and comparative periods are as follows:

Land, building and leasehold improvements		0-25 years
Machinery equipment		2-10 years
Furniture and fixtures and other equipment		2-10 years

An item of property, plant and equipment is recognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in profit or loss.

Intangible assets

Goodwill

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when control is transferred to the Company. The consideration transferred in the acquisition is generally measured at fair value, as are the identifiable net assets acquired. Any goodwill that arises is tested annually for impairment. Transaction costs are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill represents the excess of the costs of an acquisition over the fair value of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities incurred or assumed of the acquired subsidiary at the date of acquisition. Goodwill on acquisition of subsidiaries is allocated to cash generating units (CGUs) for the purpose of impairment testing. The allocation is made to those CGUs that are expected to benefit from the business combination in which the goodwill arose. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the goodwill may not be recoverable. If the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than the carrying amount of the unit, the impairment loss is recognized. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period. Goodwill is stated at cost less accumulated impairment losses.

The Company’s policy for goodwill arising on the acquisition of an associate is described in Note 6 'Investments in Associates'.

Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets include capitalized development expenses, software, purchased technology and remaining other intangible assets. Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Company with finite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

Expenditure on research activities is recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

In determining the capitalization of development expenses, the Company makes estimates and assumptions based on expected future economic benefits generated by products that are the result of these development expenses. Other important estimates and assumptions are the required internal rate of return, the distinction between research, development and high-volume manufacturing and the estimated useful life.

Development expenses are capitalized when all of the following criteria are demonstrated:

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;
• its intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;
• its ability to use or sell the intangible asset;
• how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;
• the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and
• its ability to reliably measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The Company capitalizes development expenses that meet the above-mentioned criteria in its consolidated financial statements. Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Amortization of capitalized development expenses is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the developed product. Amortization starts when the developed product is transferred to high-volume manufacturing.

Amortization method, useful life and residual value are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted if appropriate.

The estimated useful lives of other intangible assets for current and comparative periods are as follows:

Development cost		5 years
Software		3 years
Purchased technology and other intangible assets		5-7 years

Investments in associates

Investments in associates are investments in entities in which ASMI can exert significant influence but which ASMI does not control, generally having between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. These entities are accounted for using the equity method and are initially recognized at cost. Dividend income from the Company’s associated companies is recognized when the right to receive payment is established. Their carrying value includes goodwill identified upon acquisition, net of any accumulated impairment.

When ASMI’s share of losses in an associate equals or exceeds its interest in the associate, including any other receivables for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future, ASMI does not recognize further losses, unless ASMI has obligations to or made payments on behalf of the associate.

At each reporting date, the Company determines if there is any objective evidence that the associate is impaired. An impairment, being the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and its carrying value, is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss.

ASMI does not separately test associates' underlying assets for impairment. However, ASMI recognizes its share of any impairment charge recorded by an investee and considers the effect, if any, of the impairment on the basis difference in the assets giving rise to the investee’s impairment charge. A loss in value of an investment which is significant or prolonged will be recognized. Significant is defined as at least 20% over an uninterrupted period of nine months, or more than 40% on the reporting date. Prolonged is defined as measured below cost for more than a year.

Equity method investments are tested for prolonged decline in value. If the fair value of an investment is less than its carrying value, the Company determines whether the decline in value is temporary or prolonged. A prolonged decline in value is measured as of a balance sheet date. If after a prior recognized impairment the fair value is more than its carrying value, this impairment is reversed. The determination of whether an investment is impaired is made at the individual security level in each reporting period.

Evaluation tools at customers

Evaluation tools at customers are systems generally delivered to customers under evaluation and include substantial customization by our engineers and R&D staff in the field. Evaluation tools are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful life of five years, or their shorter economic life. The depreciation expenses are reported as cost of sales.

On final acceptance from the customer, the purchase consideration is recognized as revenue and the carrying value of the evaluation system is recognized as cost of sales. In the circumstance that the system is returned, at the end of the evaluation period, a detailed impairment review takes place, and future sales opportunities and additional costs are identified. It is only when the fair value is below the carrying value of the evaluation tool that an additional depreciation is recognized. The remaining carrying value is recognized as finished goods (inventory).

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the first-in, first-out principle. Costs include net prices paid for materials purchased, charges for freight and custom duties, production labor costs and factory overhead. Allowances are made for slow-moving, obsolete or unsellable inventory.

Allowances for obsolescence of inventory are determined based on the expected demand as well as the expected market value of the inventory. We regularly evaluate the value of our inventory of components and raw materials, work in progress and finished goods, based on a combination of factors including the following: forecasted sales, historical usage, product end of life cycle, estimated current and future market values, service inventory requirements and new product introductions, as well as other factors. Purchasing requirements and alternative uses for the inventory are explored within these processes to mitigate inventory exposure. We record write-downs for inventory based on the above factors and take into account worldwide quantities and demand into our analysis.

Financial instruments

The Company classifies non-derivative financial assets into loans and receivables. The Company classifies non-derivative financial liabilities into other financial liabilities.

Non-derivative financial assets and financial liabilities – Recognition and derecognition

The Company initially recognizes receivables on the date when they are originated. Receivables comprise account (trade) and other receivables and cash and cash equivalents. Receivables are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment. Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognized on the trade date when the entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred, or it neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and does not retain control over the transferred asset. Any interest in such derecognizes a financial asset that is created or retained by the Company is recognized as a separate asset or liability.

The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expired.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Non-derivative financial assets – Measurement

Loans and receivables are initially measured at fair value plus any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, they are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Account receivable

A significant percentage of our accounts receivable is derived from sales to a limited number of large multinational semiconductor device manufacturers located throughout the world. In order to monitor potential credit losses, we perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers' financial condition. An allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained for potential credit losses based upon management's assessment of the expected collectability of all accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts is reviewed periodically to assess the adequacy of the allowance. In making this assessment, management takes into consideration any circumstances of which we are aware regarding a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations; and our judgments as to potential prevailing economic conditions in the industry and their potential impact on the Company's customers.

The allowance is based on historical experience, credit evaluations, specific customer collection history and any customer-specific issues ASMI has identified. Changes in circumstances, such as an unexpected adverse material change in a major customer’s ability to meet its financial obligation to ASMI or its payment trends, may require us to further adjust our estimates of the recoverability of amounts due to ASMI, which could have an adverse material effect on ASMI’s financial condition and results of operations.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of deposits held at call with banks, investments in money market funds that invest in debt securities of financial institutions and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturity of three months or less. Bank overdrafts are included in notes payable to banks in current liabilities.

Non-derivative financial liabilities – Measurement

Other non-derivative financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value less any directly attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, these liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Share capital

Ordinary shares

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

Preference share capital

Preference share capital is classified as equity if it is non-redeemable, or redeemable only at the Company’s option, and any dividends are discretionary. Discretionary dividends thereon are recognized as distributions within equity upon approval by the Company’s shareholders.

Preference share capital is classified as a financial liability if it is redeemable on a specific date or at the option of the shareholders, or if dividend payments are not discretionary. Non-discretionary dividends thereon are recognized as interest expense in profit or loss as accrued.

Repurchase and reissue of ordinary shares (treasury shares)

When shares recognized as equity are repurchased, the amount of the consideration paid, which includes directly attributable costs, is recognized as a deduction from equity. Repurchased shares are classified as treasury shares and are presented in the treasury share reserve. When treasury shares are sold or reissued subsequently, the amount received is recognized as an increase in equity and the resulting surplus or deficit on the transaction is presented in a non-distributable capital reserve.

Issuance of shares by an equity accounted investee

The associate ASMPT yearly issues common shares pursuant to their employee share incentive scheme. The effect of these issuances is a dilution of the Company's ownership in ASMPT. The Company recognizes the impact of these issuances directly into equity.

Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income consists of net earnings (loss) and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income includes gains and losses that are not included in net earnings, but are recorded directly in equity.

Provisions

Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognized as finance cost.

Impairment

Non-derivative financial assets

Financial assets not classified as at fair value through profit or loss, including an interest in an equity-accounted investee, are assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence of impairment.

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired includes, default or delinquency by a debtor, restructuring of an amount due to the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise, indications that a debtor or issuer will enter bankruptcy, adverse changes in the payment status of borrowers or issuers, the disappearance of an active market for a security because of financial difficulties, or observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the expected cash flows from a group of financial assets.

Loans and receivables

The Company considers evidence of impairment for these assets at both an individual asset and a collective level. All individually significant assets are individually assessed for impairment. Those found not to be impaired are then collectively assessed for any impairment that has been incurred but not yet individually identified.

The impairment method for account receivables is described at Note 9 Accounts Receivable.

Equity-accounted investees

An impairment loss in respect of an equity-accounted investee is measured by comparing the recoverable amount of the investment with its carrying amount. An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss, and is reversed if there has been a favorable change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount.

Non-financial assets

At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than biological assets, investment property, inventories and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment.

For impairment testing, assets are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or CGUs. Goodwill arising from a business combination is allocated to CGUs or groups of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU.

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount.

Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. They are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU, and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets in the CGU on a pro rata basis.

An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed. For other assets, an impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.

Commitments and contingencies

The Company has various contractual obligations such as operating lease commitments, purchase commitments and commitments for capital expenditure. These obligations are generally not recognized as liabilities on the Company's statement of financial position but are disclosed in the Notes to the financial statements.

Revenue recognition

The effect of initially applying IFRS 15 on the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is described above in the section New and amended IFRS Standards that are effective for the current year.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The Company recognizes revenue when it transfers control over a product or service to a customer.

Revenue streams

The Company generates revenue primarily from the sales of equipment and sales of spares & services. The products and services described below by nature, can be part of both revenue streams. The revenue streams will be disclosed in note 21.

Nature of goods and services

The following is a description of principal activities from which the group generates its revenue.

Contract balances

		2017		2018
Accrued revenue		1,509		20,201
Deferred revenue		9,879		28,255

The accrued revenue included in the 'Amounts to be invoiced' primarily relate to the Company’s right to consideration for work completed and revenue recognized but not billed at the reporting date. The accrued revenue are transferred to account receivables when the rights become unconditional. This usually occurs when the Company issues an invoice to the customer.

Deferred revenue relate to the advance consideration received from customers for which revenue is not yet recognized because the performance obligation has not been satisfied yet. Deferred revenue consists of the revenue relating to undelivered elements of the arrangement with customers. This part of the revenue is deferred at the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations until shipment.

The amount of €6.7 million recognized in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period has been recognized as revenue for the period ended December 31, 2018.

Management expects that 99% of the transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied contracts as of the year ended 2018 will be recognized as revenue during the next reporting period. The remaining 1% will be recognized in 2020 and onward.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales comprise direct costs such as labor, materials, cost of warranty, depreciation, shipping and handling costs and related overhead costs. Cost of sales also includes third party commission, depreciation expenses of evaluation tools at customers, royalty payments and costs relating to prototype and experimental products, which the Company may subsequently sell to customers. Costs of warranty include the cost of labor and material necessary to repair a product during the warranty period.

Warranty

We provide maintenance on our systems during the warranty period, on average one year. Costs of warranty include the cost of labor and material necessary to repair a product during the warranty period. We accrue for the estimated cost of the warranty on products shipped in a provision for warranty, upon recognition of the sale of the product. The costs are estimated based on historical expenses incurred and on estimated future expenses related to current sales, and are updated periodically. Actual warranty costs are charged against the provision for warranty. The actual warranty costs may differ from estimated warranty costs, and we adjust our provision for warranty accordingly. Future warranty costs may exceed our estimates, which could result in an increase of our cost of sales.

Income tax

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in the statement of profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.

Current tax

The current corporate income tax charge recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss is calculated in accordance with the prevailing tax regulations and rates, taking into account non-taxable income and non-deductible expenses. The current income tax expense reflects the amount for the current reporting period that the Company expects to recover from or pay to the tax authorities. Current income tax related to items recognized directly in equity is recorded in equity and not in the consolidated statement of profit or loss. ASMI’s management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns regarding situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation, and establishes provisions when deemed appropriate. Current tax also includes any tax arising from dividends.

Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met (IAS 12).

Deferred tax

Deferred income tax positions are recognized for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying values in ASMI’s consolidated statement of financial position.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. Both the recognized and unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at each reporting date. Deferred tax assets are recorded for deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and are recorded only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences except when they affect neither the profit or loss reported in the consolidated statement of profit or loss nor the taxable profit or loss. Also, no deferred tax liabilities are recorded for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax positions are stated at nominal value and are measured at the corporate income tax rates the Company expects to be applicable in the year when the asset is realized or liability is settled based on enacted or substantially enacted tax laws.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are netted if there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities, deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on the same taxable entity, and there is an intention to settle on a net basis.

We recognize a liability for uncertain tax positions when it is probable that an outflow of economic resources will occur. Measurement of the liability for uncertain tax positions is based on management’s best estimate of the amount of tax benefit that will be lost.

Retirement benefit costs

The Company has retirement plans covering substantially all employees. The principal plans are defined contribution plans, except for the plans of the Company's operations in the Netherlands and Japan. The Company's employees in the Netherlands participate in a multi-employer defined benefit plan. Payments to defined contribution plans and the multi-employer plan are recognized as an expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss as they fall due. The Company accounts for the multi-employer plan as if it were a defined contribution plan since the manager of the plan is not able to provide the Company with the required Company-specific information to enable the Company to account for the plan as a defined benefit plan.

The Company's employees in Japan participate in defined benefit plans. Pension costs in respect to this defined benefit plan are determined using the projected unit credit method. These costs primarily represent the increase in the actuarial present value of the obligation for pension benefits based on employee service during the year and the interest on this obligation in respect to employee service in previous years, net of the expected return on plan assets.

For the defined benefit plan the Company recognizes in its consolidated statement of financial position an asset or a liability for the plan's over-funded status or underfunded status respectively. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized when incurred.

Obligations for contributions to defined contribution plans are expensed as the related service is provided. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in future payments is available.

Share-based payments

The costs relating to employee stock options and shares (compensation expense) are recognized based upon the grant date fair value of the stock options or the shares. The fair value at grant date of employee stock options is estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the use of assumptions including expected stock price volatility, the estimated life of each award and the estimated dividend yield. The risk-free interest rate used in the model is determined, based on a euro government bond with a life equal to the expected life of the options. The estimated fair value at grant date of shares is based on the share price of the ASMI share at grant date minus the discounted value of expected dividends during the vesting period.

The grant date fair value of the stock options and shares is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Company’s estimate of stock options and shares that will eventually vest. The impact of the true up of the estimates is recognized in the consolidated statement of profit or loss in the period in which the revision is determined. The total estimated share-based compensation expense, determined under the fair value based method is amortized proportionally over the option vesting periods.

Operating lease

Determining whether an arrangement contains a lease

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases. At inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease.

Lease payments

Payments made under operating leases (net of any incentives received from the lessor) are recognized in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.